Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery

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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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Native American
Twenty-two pre-contact artifacts were recovered from controlled excavations at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site. Of this number 7 came from natural contexts, while another 10 came from historical features and 5 from fills. All artifacts are likely to have originated on-site, however, with feature and fill soils coming from local sources. Thus, while these artifacts lack temporal contexts, spatially, they are likely within close proximity to their original site of deposition. Of the material recovered 18 of the artifacts were classified as debitage (the debris left over from chipped stone tool production), while the remaining 4 artifacts were finished bifacial tools, namely projectile points. These bifacial tools have known taxonomic classifications that relate to different periods of time. As a result, they are often used to date pre-contact occupations. While no features related to the pre-contact occupation of the site were encountered during excavation, examination of these bifaces can tell us something about when native populations were in the area of the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead. Three of the hafted bifaces recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site were temporally diagnostic. The earliest occupation is represented by an Otter Creek point, which typologically dates to ca. 4600–2300 B.C. Later occupations are represented by a Susquehanna Broadspear (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.) and Generalized Straight Stem point (ca. 3000 B.C.–A.D.1000). Taken together, the hafted biface assemblage indicates a conservative date range of 4600–1000 B.C., spanning the Middle and Late Archaic periods. A broader occupational timeframe would extend this date range to the Middle Woodland period, or 4600 B.C.–A.D. 1000. The 22-artifact pre-contact assemblage is predominated by locally available lithic raw materials, suggesting that Middle and Late Archaic groups visiting the site had relatively small territorial ranges. Examination of the lithic debitage indicates that at least one chalcedony cobble core and quartz bipolar/informal core were expediently knapped on-site while hafted bifaces were manufactured offsite. The presence of impact fractures, a haft snap, and edge resharpening/retouch on 75% of hafted bifaces recovered suggests that bifaces were discarded, or lost, due to breakage associated with use. The low-density artifact scatter, relatively high proportion of hafted bifaces (18.18%), and absence of discarded cores and features suggests that a small number of individuals occupied the site for brief periods of time. All evidence considered, the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site likely represents an ephemeral hunting station that was repeatedly occupied throughout the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Hafted Biface Gallery
This Generalized Straight Stem type point (FS 195.1) is made of quartz and exhibits a biconvex transverse cross-section, lateral edge retouch, a distal impact fracture, and a straight stem that is lightly ground. The biface appears to have been knapped from a flake spall as evidenced by the original striking platform at the base of the haft. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. Generalized Straight Stem points are typically associated with the Late Archaic period (3000–1000 B.C.), but have been known to extend into the Early and Middle Woodland periods (ca. 1000 B.C–A.D. 1000). This artifact came from a deposit of grading fill which capped the Feature 6 foundation complex and was likely redeposited during the yard grading after Kendle built the brick farmhouse and Feature 6 was abandoned. Due to a broken half element, this metatrhyolite specimen (FS 365.49) could not be assigned to a specific type. The point is lenticular in transverse cross-section, and displays a transverse fracture at the intersection of the blade and haft element (i.e., haft snap). The fractured base suggests that this hafted biface was used as a knife or projectile point prior to breakage and discard. This artifact was found in association with a historic midden feature, Feature 70. This artifact was redeposited into the feature during the historic period, possibly from the adjacent soil. This hafted biface (FS 243.1) was assigned to the Otter Creek type. It was made of metarhyolite and displaysa lenticular transverse cross-section, well-formed side-notches, and pronounced square-shaped tangs that are wider than the blade element. Grinding is present along the entire haft element (i.e., base, tangs, and notches) of the biface. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The Otter Creek type dates between ca. 4600 and 2300 B.C., straddling both the Middle and Late Archaic periods. This artifact was recovered from the natural B horizon in EU 45 to the west of the southwest corner of the barn. This artifact was found in an undisturbed portion of soil and represents a primary deposit. This specimen (FS 276.1) was assigned to the Susquehanna Broadspear type and was manufactured on metarhyolite. It exhibits a lenticular transverse cross-section, distal impact fracture, and an expanding stem that is entirely ground. Cortex and thermal alteration are not present. The biface also displays heavy weathering on one face, likely due to exposure to the elements for an extended period of time after discard. Susquehanna Broadspears typically date between 2000 and 1000 B.C. and are associated with the later portions of the Late Archaic period, which is sometimes subdivided into the Transitional Archaic (ca. 2300–700 B.C.) This was the only artifact found at the base of a historic planting, Feature 45 in the west yard.
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